Earth System Science Data www.earth-syst-sci-data.net 1866-3508 1866-3516 1 1 2009 10.5194/essd-1-25-2009 http://www.earth-syst-sci-data.net/1/25/2009/ http://www.earth-syst-sci-data.net/1/25/2009/essd-1-25-2009.html http://www.earth-syst-sci-data.net/1/25/2009/essd-1-25-2009.pdf 25 34 2009-11-19 Overview of the Nordic Seas CARINA data and salinity measurements A. Olsen are.olsen@gfi.uib.no R. M. Key E. Jeansson E. Falck J. Olafsson S. van Heuven I. Skjelvan A. M. Omar K. A. Olsson L. G. Anderson S. Jutterström F. Rey T. Johannessen R. G. J. Bellerby J. Blindheim J. L. Bullister B. Pfeil X. Lin A. Kozyr C. Schirnick T. Tanhua D. W. R. Wallace Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, UNIFOB AS, Allegaten 55, 5007 Bergen, Norway Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland and Marine Research Institute, Reykjavik, Iceland Departement of Ocean Ecosystems, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory/NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115-6349, USA Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenshaften, Marine Biogeochemie, Kiel, Germany Water column data of carbon and carbon relevant hydrographic and hydrochemical parameters from 188 previously non-publicly available cruises in the Arctic, Atlantic, and Southern Ocean have been retrieved and merged into a new database: CARINA (CARbon IN the Atlantic). The data have been subject to rigorous quality control (QC) in order to ensure highest possible quality and consistency. The data for most of the parameters included were examined in order to quantify systematic biases in the reported values, i.e. secondary quality control. Significant biases have been corrected for in the data products, i.e. the three merged files with measured, calculated and interpolated values for each of the three CARINA regions; the Arctic Mediterranean Seas (AMS), the Atlantic (ATL) and the Southern Ocean (SO). With the adjustments the CARINA database is consistent both internally as well as with GLODAP (Key et al., 2004) and is suitable for accurate assessments of, for example, oceanic carbon inventories and uptake rates and for model validation. The Arctic Mediterranean Seas include the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas, and the quality control was carried out separately in these two areas. This contribution provides an overview of the CARINA data from the Nordic Seas and summarises the findings of the QC of the salinity data. One cruise had salinity data that were of questionable quality, and these have been removed from the data product. An evaluation of the consistency of the quality controlled salinity data suggests that they are consistent to at least ±0.005. Blindheim, J. and Rey, F.: Water-mass formation and distribution in the Nordic Seas during the 1990s, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 61, 846–863, 2004. Brewer, P. G., Takahashi, T., and Williams, R. T.: Transient tracers in the ocean – Hydrography data and carbon dioxide systems with revised carbon chemistry data, NDP-004/R41, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., USA, 1986. Bönisch, G., Blindheim, J., Bullister, J. L., Schlosser, P., and Wallace, D. W. R.: Long-term trends of temperature, salinity, density and transient tracers in the Greenland Sea, J. Geophys. Res, 102, 18553–18571, 1997. Falck, E. and Olsen, A.: Nordic Seas dissolved oxygen data in CARINA, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., 2, 537–553, 2009. Jeansson, E., Olsson, K. A., Tanhua, T., and Bullister, J. L.: Nordic Seas and Arctic Ocean CFC data in CARINA, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., 2, 493–536, 2009. Jeansson, E., Jutterström, S., Rudels, B., Anderson, L. G., Olsson, K. A., Jones, E. P., Smethie Jr., W. M., and Swift, J. H.: Sources to the East Greenland Current and its contribution to the Denmark Strait overflow, Prog. Oceanogr., 78, 12–28, 2008 Johnson, G. C., Robbins, P. E., and Hufford, G. E.: Systematic adjustments of hydrographic sections for internal consistency, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 18, 1234–1244, 2001. Jutterström, S., Anderson, L. G., Bates, N. R., Bellerby, R., Johannessen, T., Jones, E. P., Key, R. M., Lin, X., Olsen, A., and Omar, A. M.: Arctic Ocean data in CARINA, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., 2, 281–308, 2009. Jutterström, S., Jeansson, E., Anderson, L. G., Bellerby, R., Jones, E. P., Smethie Jr., W. M., and Swift, J.: Evaluation of anthropogenic carbon in the Nordic Seas using observed relationships of N, P and C versus CFCs, Prog. Oceanog., 78, 78–84, 2008. Kasajima, Y., Olsson, K. A., Johannessen, T., Messias, M.-J., Jeansson, E., Bellerby, R. G. J., and Skjelvan, I.: A submesoscale coherent eddy in the Greenland Sea in 2003, J. Geophys. Res., 111, C07013, doi:10.1029/2005JC003130, 2006. Karstensen, J., Schlosser, P., Wallace, D. W. R., Bullister, J., and Blindheim, J.: Water mass transformation in the Greenland Sea during the 1990s, J. Geophys. Res., 110, C07022, doi:10.1029/2004JC002510, 2005. Key, R. M., Kozyr, A., Sabine, C. L., Lee, K., Wanninkhof, R., Bullister, J., Feely, R. A., Millero, F., Mordy, C., and Peng, T.-H.: Results from the Global Data Analysis Project (GLODAP), Global. Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB4031, doi:10.1029/2004GB002247, 2004. Key, R. M. Tanhua, T., Olsen, A., Hoppema, M., Jutterström, S., Schirnick, C., van Heuven, S., Lin. X., Wallace, D. W. R., and Mintrop, L.: The CARINA data synthesis project: Introduction and overview, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., in press, 2009. Olafsson, J. and Olsen, A.: Nordic Seas nutrients data in CARINA, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., in preparation, 2009. Olsen, A.: Nordic Seas total dissolved inorganic carbon data in CARINA, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., 2, 181–203, 2009a. Olsen, A.: Nordic Seas total alkalinity data in CARINA, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., 2, 309–330, 2009b. Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Bellerby, R. G. J., Johannessen, T., Ninnemann, U., Brown, K. R., Olsson, K. A., Olafsson, J., Nondal, G., Kivimäe, C., Kringstad, S., Neill, C., and Olafsdottir, S.: Magnitude and origin of the anthropogenic CO₂ increase and $^13$C Suess effect in the Nordic seas since 1981, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB3027, doi:10.1029/2005GB002669, 2006. Ronski, S. and Budéus, G.: Time series of winter convection in the Greenland Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 110, C04015, doi:10.1029/2004JC002318, 2005. Sabine, C. L., Key, R. M., Kozyr, A., Feely, R. A., Wanninkhof, R., Millero, F. J., Peng, T.-H., Bullister, J. L., and Lee, K.: Global Ocean Data Analysis Project: Results and Data, ORNL/CDIAC-145, NDP-083, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennesse, 110 pp., 2005. Seber, C. A. F.: Multivariate Observations, NJ, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1984. Tanhua, T., van Heuven, S., Key, R. M., Velo, A., Olsen, A., and Schirnick, C.: Quality control procedures and methods of the CARINA database, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., 2, 205–240, 2009a. Tanhua, T., Steinfeldt, R., Key, R. M., Brown, P., Gruber, N., Wanninkhof, R., Perez, F., Körtzinger, A., Velo, A., Schuster, U., van Heuven, S., Bullister, J. L., Stendardo, I., Hoppema, M., Olsen, A., Kozyr, A., Pierrot, D., Schirnick, C., and Wallace, D. W. R.: Atlantic Ocean CARINA data: overview and salinity adjustments, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., 2, 241–280, 2009b. Velo, A., Pérez, F. F., Lin, X., Key, R. M., Tanhua, T., de la Paz, M., van Heuven, S., Jutterström, S., and Ríos, A. F.: CARINA data synthesis project: pH data scale unification and cruise adjustments, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., 2, 421–475, 2009.