Earth System Science Data
www.earth-syst-sci-data.net
1866-3508
1866-3516
2
1
2010
10.5194/essd-2-51-2010
http://www.earth-syst-sci-data.net/2/51/2010/
http://www.earth-syst-sci-data.net/2/51/2010/essd-2-51-2010.html
http://www.earth-syst-sci-data.net/2/51/2010/essd-2-51-2010.pdf
51
70
2010-02-05
Assessing the internal consistency of the CARINA database in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean
C. Lo Monaco
claire.lomonaco@locean-ipsl.upmc.fr
M. Álvarez
R. M. Key
X. Lin
T. Tanhua
B. Tilbrook
D. C. E. Bakker
S. van Heuven
M. Hoppema
N. Metzl
A. F. Ríos
C. L. Sabine
A. Velo
LOCEAN-IPSL, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
IMEDEA, CSIC-UIB, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Esporles, Spain
Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften, Marine Biogeochemie, Kiel, Germany
CSIRO Wealth from Oceans Flagship/ACE-CRC, Hobart, Australia
School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
Department of Ocean Ecosystems, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas – CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, Vigo, Spain
NOAA-Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, USA
Carbon and carbon-relevant hydrographic and hydrochemical ancillary data
from previously not publicly available cruises were retrieved and recently
merged to a new data base, CARINA (CARbon IN the Atlantic). The initial
North Atlantic project, an international effort for ocean carbon synthesis,
was extended to include the Arctic Mediterranean Seas (Arctic Ocean and
Nordic Seas) and all three sectors of the Southern Ocean. Of a total of 188
cruises, 37 cruises are part of the Southern Ocean. The present work focuses
on data collected in the Indian sector (20° S–70° S; 30° E–150° E).
The Southern Indian Ocean dataset covers the period 1992–2004 and
includes seasonal repeated observations. Parameters including salinity,
dissolved inorganic carbon (TCO<sub>2</sub>), total alkalinity (TA), oxygen,
nitrate, phosphate and silicate were examined for cruise-to-cruise and
overall consistency. In addition, data from an existing, quality controlled
data base (GLODAP) were introduced in the CARINA analysis to improve data
coverage in the Southern Ocean. A global inversion was performed to
synthesize the information deduced from objective comparisons of deep
measurements (>1500 m) at nearby stations (generally <220 km). The
corrections suggested by the inversion were allowed to vary within a fixed
envelope, thus accounting for ocean interior variability. The adjustments
applied to CARINA data and those recommended for GLODAP data, in order to
obtain a consistent merged dataset, are presented and discussed. The final
outcome of this effort is a new quality controlled data base for TCO<sub>2</sub>
and other properties of the carbon system that can now be used to
investigate the natural variability or stability of ocean chemistry and the
accumulation of anthropogenic carbon. This data product also offers an
important new synthesis of seasonal to decadal observations to validate
ocean biogeochemical models in a region where available historical data were
very sparse.
\'Alvarez, M., Lo Monaco, C., Tanhua, T., Yool, A., Oschlies, A., Bullister, J. L., Goyet, C., Metzl, N., Touratier, F., McDonagh, E., and Bryden, H. L.: Estimating the storage of anthropogenic carbon in the subtropical Indian Ocean: a comparison of five different approaches, Biogeosciences, 6, 681–703, 2009.
Bakker, D. C. E., Nielsdóttir, M. C., Morris, P. J., Venables, H. J., and Watson, A. J.: The island mass effect and biological carbon uptake for the subantarctic Crozet Archipelago, Deep-Sea Res. II, 54, 2174–2190, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.06.009, 2007.
Feely, R. A., Sabine, C. L., Lee, K., Millero, F. J., Lamb, M. F., Greeley, D., Bullister, J. L., Key, R. M., Peng, T. H., Kozyr, A., Ono, T., and Wong, W. S.: In-situ calcium carbonate dissolution in the Pacific Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16(4), 1144, doi:10.1029/2002GB001866, 2002.
Gouretski, V. V. and Jancke, K.: Systematic errors as the cause for an apparent deep water property variability: global analysis of the WOCE and historical hydrographic data, Progr. Oceanog., 48, 337–402, 2001.
Hoppema, M., Velo, A., van Heuven, S., Tanhua, T., Key, R. M., Lin, X., Bakker, D. C. E., Perez, F. F., Ríos, A. F., Lo Monaco, C., Sabine, C. L., \'Alvarez, M., and Bellerby, R. G. J.: Consistency of cruise data of the CARINA database in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 1, 63–75, 2009.
Jabaud, A., Metzl, N., Brunet, C., Poisson, A., and Schauer, B.: Variability of the Carbon Dioxide System in the Southern Indian Ocean (20° S-60° S): the impact of a warm anomaly in austral summer 1998, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18(1), GB1042, doi:10.1029/2002GB002017, 2004.
Johnson, G. C., Robbins, P. E., and Hufford, G. E.: Systematic adjustments of hydrographic sections for internal consistency, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 18, 1234–1244, 2001.
Jutterström, S., Anderson, L. G., Bates, N. R., Bellerby, R., Johannessen, T., Jones, E. P., Key, R. M., Lin, X., Olsen, A., and Omar, A. M.: Arctic Ocean data in CARINA, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., 2, 281–308, 2009.
Key, R. M., Tanhua, T., Olsen, A., Hoppema, M., Jutterström, S., Schirnick, C., van Heuven, S., Kozyr, A., Lin, X., Velo, A., Wallace, D. W. R., and Mintrop, L.: The CARINA data synthesis project: introduction and overview, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., 2, 579–624, 2009.
Key, R. M., Kozyr, A., Sabine, C. L., Lee, K., Wanninkhof, K., Bullister, J. L., Feely, R. A., Millero, F. J., Mordy, C., and Peng, T. H.: A global ocean carbon climatology: Results from Global Data Analysis Project (GLODAP), Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB4031, doi:10.1029/2004GB002247, 2004.
Lamb, M. F., Sabine, C. L., Feely, R. A., Wanninkhof, R., Key, R. M., Johnson, G. C., Millero, F. J., Lee, K., Peng, T.-H., Kozyr, A., Bullister, J. L., Greeley, D., Byrne, R. H., Chipman, D. W., Dickson, A. G., Goyet, C., Guenther, P. R., Ishii, M., Johnson, K. M., Keeling, C. D., Ono, T., Shitashima, K., Tilbrook, B., Takahashi, T., Wallace, D. W. R., Watanabe, Y., Winn, C., and Wong, C. S.: Consistency and synthesis of Pacific Ocean CO<sub>2</sub> survey data, Deep-Sea Res. II, 49, 21–58, 2003.
Lo Monaco, C., Metzl, N., Poisson, A., Brunet, C., and Schauer, B.: Anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> in the Southern Ocean: Distribution and inventory at the Indian-Atlantic boundary (World Ocean Circulation Experiment line I6), J. Geophys. Res., 110, C06010, doi:10.1029/2004JC002643, 2005a.
Lo Monaco, C., Goyet, C., Metzl, N., Poisson, A., and Touratier, F.: Distribution and inventory of anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> in the Southern Ocean: Comparison of three data-based methods, J. Geophys. Res., 110, C09S02, doi:10.1029/2004JC002571, 2005b.
Metzl, N.: Decadal increase of oceanic carbon dioxide in Southern Indian Ocean surface waters (1991–2007), Deep-Sea Res. II, 56, 8–10, 607–619, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.007, 2009.
Mikaloff Fletcher, S. E., Gruber, N., Jacobson, A. R., Doney, S. C., Dutkiewicz, S., Gerber, M., Follows, M., Joos, F., Lindsay, K., Menemenlis, D., Mouchet, A., Muller, S. A., and Sarmiento, J. L.: Inverse estimates of anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> uptake, transport, and storage by the ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB2002, doi:10.1029/2005GB002530, 2006.
Mikaloff Fletcher, S. E., Gruber, N., Jacobson, A. R., Doney, S. C., Dutkiewicz, S., Gerber, M., Follows, M., Joos, F., Lindsay, K., Menemenlis, D., Mouchet, A., Muller, S. A., and Sarmiento, J. L.: Inverse estimates of the oceanic sources and sinks of natural CO2 and the implied oceanic carbon transport, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB1010, doi:10.1029/2006GB002751, 2007.
McNeil, B. I., Metzl, N., Key, R. M., Matear, R. J., and Corbiere, A.: An Empirical Estimate of the Southern Ocean air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> flux, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB3011, doi:10.1029/2007GB002991, 2007.
McNeil, B. I., Matear, R. J., Key, R. M., Bullister, J. L., Sarmiento, J. L.: Anthropogenic CO2 uptake by the ocean based on the global dataset, Science, 299, 235–239, 2003.
Olsen, A., Key, R. M., Jeansson, E., Falck, E., Olafsson, J., van Heuven, S., Skjelvan, I., Omar, A. M., Olsson, K. A., Anderson, L. G., Jutterström, S., Rey, F., Johannessen, T., Bellerby, R. G. J., Blindheim, J., Bullister, J. L., Pfeil, B., Lin, X., Kozyr, A., Schirnick, C., Tanhua, T., and Wallace, D. W. R.: Overview of the Nordic Seas CARINA data and salinity measurements, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 1, 25–34, 2009.
Orr, J. C., Maier-Reimer, E., Mikolajewicz, U., Monfray, P., Sarmiento, J. L., Toggweiler, J. R., Taylor, N. K., Palmer, J., Gruber, N., Sabine, C. L., Le Quéré C., Key, R. M., and Boutin, J.: Estimates of anthropogenic carbon uptake from four three-dimensional global ocean models, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 43–60, 2001.
Sabine, C. L., Hoppema, M., Key, R. M., Tilbrook, B., van Heuven, S., Lo Monaco, C., Metzl, N., Ishii, M., Murata, A., and Musielewicz, S.: Assessing the internal consistency of the CARINA data base in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., 2, 555–578, 2009.
Sabine, C. L., Key, R. M., Kozyr, A., Feely, R. A., Wanninkhof, R., Millero, F. J., Peng, T.-H., Bullister, J. L., and Lee, K.: Global Ocean Data Analysis Project: Results and Data, ORNL/CDIAC-145, NDP-083. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US~Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 110~pp., 2005.
Sabine, C. L., Feely, R. A., Gruber, N., Key, R. M., Lee, K., Bullister, J. L., Wanninkhof, R., Wong, C. S., Wallace, D. W. R., Tilbrook, B., Millero, F. J., Peng, T.-H., Kozyr, A., Ono, T., and Rios, A. F.: The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub>, Science, 305, 367–371, 2004.
Sabine, C. L., Key, R. M., Johnson, K. M., Millero, F. J., Poisson, A., Sarmiento, J. L., Wallace, D. W. R., and Winn, C. D.: Anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> inventory of the Indian Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 13, 179–198, 1999.
Sallée, J.-B., Speer, K., and Morrow, R.: Response of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to Atmospheric Variability, J. Climate, 21, 3020–3039, doi:10.1175/2007JCLI1702.1, 2008.
Tanhua, T., van Heuven, S., Key, R. M., Velo, A., Olsen, A., and Schirnick, C.: Quality control procedures and methods of the CARINA database, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., 2, 205–240, 2009.
Tanhua, T., Steinfeldt, R., Key, R. M., Brown, P., Gruber, N., Wanninkhof, R., Perez, F., Körtzinger, A., Velo, A., Schuster, U., van Heuven, S., Bullister, J. L., Stendardo, I., Hoppema, M., Olsen, A., Kozyr, A., Pierrot, D., Schirnick, C., and Wallace, D. W. R.: Atlantic Ocean CARINA data: overview and salinity adjustments, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 2, 17–34, 2010.
Uchida, H. and Fukasawa, M. (Eds.): WHP P6, A10, I3/I4 Revisit Data Book: Blue Earth Global Expedition 2003 (BEAGLE2003), Vol 1–3,JAMSTEC, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 2005.
Vázquez-Rodríguez, M., Touratier, F., Lo Monaco, C., Waugh, D. W., Padin, X. A., Bellerby, R. G. J., Goyet, C., Metzl, N., Ríos, A. F., and Pérez, F. F.: Anthropogenic carbon distributions in the Atlantic Ocean: data-based estimates from the Arctic to the Antarctic, Biogeosciences, 6, 439–451, 2009.
Wanninkhof, R., Peng, T.-H., Huss, B., Sabine, C. L., and Lee, K.: Comparison of inorganic carbon system parameters measured in the Atlantic Ocean from 1990 to 1998 and recommended adjustments, ORNL/CDIAC-140, 43~pp., Carbon Dioxide Inf. Anal. Cent., Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, Tenn., 2003.
Waugh, D. W., Hall, T. M., McNeil, B. I., Key, R., and Matear, R. J.: Anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> in the oceans estimated using transit-time distributions, Tellus, 58B, 376–390, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00222.x, 2006.